Morality vs. Obedience

â€Å"If you can’t give a good reason for believing what you believe, then it’s not your belief; it’s someone else’s. † Morality vs. Obedience How would someone tease apart this blanket statement and how would they compare it to morality and obedience in less than three pages? Well, this is how I would. First, I’d start by making clear that belief is different from knowledge. Knowledge can be defined as â€Å"a clear perception of a truth or fact, erudition; skill from practice. A belief can be defined as â€Å"an assent to anything proposed or declared, and its acceptance as fact by reason of the authority from whence it proceeds, apart from personal knowledge; faith. † So, to be clear, knowledge is dropping a ball and knowing that it will fall to the ground because of prior experience and the perception that the existence of gravity is a fact. Belief would be dropping the ball and believing it will float because your older brother t old you it would. Next, I would establish that this statement is not staking claim on any measure of truth as it relates to beliefs or knowledge.Beliefs and knowledge are both dynamic concepts on all organizational levels of the human experience, from the individual to the global. Lets take for example the statement, â€Å"The Earth is flat. † Five hundred years ago, this statement was knowledge. Today, it’s knowledge that this statement is false. Knowledge changes based on the information and evidence available to us at any point in time. This is also true of beliefs but in a different way. When most of us were young, we believed in the Tooth Fairy. Why? Because someone told us she was real.However, this belief changed as we began to mature and rely more upon our own abilities to discern truth from fiction. Thus, we have established that both knowledge and belief are subjective but for different reasons. Belief requires no evidence, while knowledge requires evidence a nd/or experience. I would now like to make a comparative argument regarding morality and obedience. Simply put, morality is ‘doing what’s right, regardless of what anyone says’ and obedience is ‘doing what your told, regardless of what’s right. One can think of many examples regarding these concepts as they are defined but I will leave this to the reader’s imagination. There is a simple truth to defining obedience and morality in this manner that I find directly comparable to the examined quotation. Neither belief nor obedience require an individual or group to actively engage in an activity or thought process independently. There is no critical thinking involved and one must put their faith in the ‘rightness’ or ‘truth’ of another’s belief, knowledge or otherwise. Both knowledge and morality require active engagement.One cannot possess knowledge without having evidence to back it up and one cannot act morally without understanding what it is that makes a situation right or wrong in their eyes. This is especially true when acting morally requires someone to go against social norms or established laws. The point of this paper is to shed light on the fact that we are all responsible for ourselves to the extent that we can be. No one person can know everything about everything, so belief and obedience are often useful and easy fallbacks. For example, I don’t snowboard on black diamond slopes.This is not because I have knowledge of how hurt I will get but because I belief the sign posting and obediently board within my level to avoid possible injury. However, in every decision one makes there should be a component of knowledge and morality applied. In application to the snowboarding example, I know, from experience, that my snowboarding skills are not on par with a black diamond. I choose not to risk my health and the resources of first responders by making the moral decision to stay o ff of it, despite my desire to challenge myself.

1984: Power Hunger Leads to Society Downfall

In the eyes of a power hungry ruler, a totalitarian government would be paradise. It would be thought that if a leader is so happy with the way he rules his country, the grass would be greener on the other side. In this case, it is far from it. Citizens are forced to act upon the government’s rules, and failure to do so would only earn them a horrid session of torment and consequence. People are constantly under the government’s thumb, and practically have no say in what goes on around them. An American President once said, â€Å" The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died† (Harry Truman). A totalitarian government’s goal is to see and ignore the peoples’ needs, then take that factor and use it against them by making threats of not making change if the people choose not to cooperate with them. They promise the society a better life, so long as the people do not cease to abide by the government’s orders. When everyone is a mere laborer for the government, looking forward to seeing no change and happiness in their surroundings, the government has then accomplished their goal, and continue to control its people like puppets in their hands. In the end, this comes to show that Truman was indeed theoretically correct, for every ruler who had claimed to be a totalitarian had oppressed their people of rights and freedom, and Truman took action to notice the effects. In 1984, the society of Oceania was overrun by a totalitarian government. During Josef Stalin’s reigning era, he also partook in a totalitarian government. The people were beaten to death, starved, and looked forward to nothing, but were forced to act as they were told. In 1984, the society of Oceania was deprived of having emotion, rights and privacy. The country was able to be easily taken over by using Truman’s three steps to a totalitarian government: seeds, growth and full growth. Even before Big Brother was created, life was still hard for Winston,† above all he remembered his continuous hunger, and the fierce sordid battles at mealtimes† ( Orwell 134). With a society taken over by starvation, the people would easily be tricked into anything that talks about making the country a better place, with unlimited materials the people could use for their daily necessities. This shows how the country could potentially start narrow-mindedly thinking that if they choose what they think has the most advantages, it would put an end to their misery and want, and finally focus on what they need. As soon as the government takes control, they start to make changed in the society. The government gives their people the bare minimum to make sure they always come running back for more, â€Å" war is the way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence in the long run, too intelligent† (Orwell 157). Though the government may have slightly improved the conditions of the society, it still left the people with not enough to be happy and content with, which kept them running back to the government for anything and everything they needed. The government left its people in poverty and strife, hoping for positive changes but not getting too excited about what to expect in their future. The government has reached its full potential when the people are under their complete control, looking forward to no change or happiness in the future. O’Brien immediately got down to the point and told Winston what they planned to do to him, â€Å" Do not imagine that you will save yourself, Winston, however completely you surrender to us. No one who has once gone astray is ever spared. And even if we chose to let you live out the natural term of your life, you still would never escape from us† ( Orwell 211). At this point, Winston is under complete control of the government. Any hope for a better life would be utterly impossible, and the thought of once again being free would be unthinkable. This comes to show just how easy it is for the government to take over the country, leaving its people with no happiness or future. In the end, the country of Oceania which was deprived of having a normal human life style was taken over by a totalitarian government by using Truman’s three steps: seeds, growth and full growth. Josef Stalin, the Russian ruler of the time, also looked to totalitarianism for the answer to unlimited power. Just as Truman stated, Stalin took over his country by using misery, poverty and hopelessness against his people. Even before Stalin came into power, working conditions were far below basic. There’s famine in the Ukraine, during 1933, it drove many people to steal grain from a collective farm, which resulted in their deaths due to Stalin’s authority (â€Å" Famine in the Ukraineâ€Å"). With people’s lives in despair, it was easier for Stalin to trick the people into voting for him as the new ruler. With his too good to be true speeches, the people could not help but believe that they could see drastic change in their society. Little did they know they would see change, but not the type of change they wanted. Stalin used the people’s misery to lie to them into thinking they would get a better life and living conditions. When the people kept on believing that what they heard was true, they hurriedly voted him the new ruler of their country. During Stalin’s era, the KNVD bound victims hands and feet, stripped them to their underwear, lined tem up, and shot them in the back of the head, (â€Å" Mass graves uncoveredâ€Å"). When people realized how Stalin treated the victims, they did not dare to break any laws. Stalin was in control, and nobody could change that. It did not take long until Stalin had gotten the whole country writhed between his fingers. By 1919, Stalin had gotten both the party and public under his complete control (â€Å" Political manipulation†¦ and then there was noneâ€Å"). With everyone under his thumb, Stalin had gotten the power to do whatever he wanted. The whole government was run by his commands, and failure to listen was resulted with being the next victims to his harsh punishments. By using the three parts of Truman’s speech, Stalin was able to convince, gain control, and abuse the people by claming that he would fix their misery, and ending up purring the people through poverty and strife, losing hope of having any improvements in their lives. Truman was officially correct when he talked about the way totalitarianism worked. By using the people’s needs for another reason to step into power, power hungry rulers could easily gain control, make the people suffer though poverty and strife, and then cause them to lose hope of once again having any happiness or good in their lives. All three stages of Truman’s speech could lead to a ruler completely taking aver a country, leaving the people hopeless and defenseless against the government. If the U. S. as taken over by a totalitarian government, over three quarters of what the citizens have today would be banished, and everyone would have absolutely no say in what goes in in their surroundings. The American citizens would be forced to act upon the government’s rules, and any attempts of rebellion or revolt would follow up with harsh punishments and maybe even death. This shows how hard it was for people back then to live their lives the way they wanted to, always in fear of losing their lives to the government.

Linguistic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Linguistic - Assignment Example In most cases, nouns and pronouns perform the grammatical functions of subject. Because of this, nouns and pronouns should appear at the beginning of a sentence (Lyons, 75). Again, the same rules apply to the use of adjectives, since adjectives or adjectival phrases may also perform the grammatical function of a subject. Because of this, it is expedient to have a preposition or a prepositional phrase coming after the adjectival phrase functioning as the subject. It is for this reason that the sentence below may be correct. The converse of the foregoing is also true that in most cases, content words do not only serve as the subject, but also as the object. Since the object appears at the ultimate position of an active sentence, it is sound that a sentence is completed with a noun, a pronoun or an adjective. For this reason, it may be grammatically correct to say: In a different wavelength, Winston Churchill’s sentence: This is something up with which I will not put is wrong because it splits the to-infinitive. Prepositions are always combined with verbs to form the to-infinitive. Therefore, splitting the to-infinitive may make understanding the sentence difficult because it ignores the short-dependency that the to-infinitive put-up should

Federal Rules of Evidence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Rules of Evidence - Article Example The two police handcuffs and the gun were illegally in the accused hands; there was no other explanation behind such possession of such items other than to cause malice and harm. Therefore, by the mere position of the police assortment, the accused had the intent to commit a crime, which could most likely be explained to be a kidnap. Moreover, the cruel treatment of the victim at the hands of the defendant could be reliable evidence to portray the accused to have had no other intention other than to kill Ms. Woodward. Wallace (2013) explains that circumstantial evidence does not need to prove anything by itself, but has the power to point to the right direction, by proving something related to the question at hand. Consequently, the ill-treatment of Ms. Woodward in the case points to the direction of intention to commit murder or grievous harm to the victim. The accused had handcuffed the victim, placed her at the back of the vehicle in an inhuman treatment. Moreover, when the victim inquired the intention behind the defendant’s actions after realizing he was not a police and tried to escape, the accused rained blows on her head several times and covered her face. The victim was dizzy from the received blows. After opening the door finally, the defendant did not stop driving but continued while the victim tumbled on the ground heavily. These incidents lead to the conclusion that the defendant was indeed preparing to commit murder or grievous harm, similar to the case of the 24-year-old Imette st. Guillen.

Capacity and Legality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capacity and Legality - Assignment Example The law states that there are three classes of persons that may not have the mental capability or adequately developed minds to convene. They include the minors or infants, people suffering from mind defects or illnesses that are cruel enough to negate their mental ability, and individuals under the influence of alcohol whose intoxication is harsh enough to wipe out their mental capability. When a contracting person is impaired by mental defects to a level that he is formally adjudicated; then the contract is void and disaffirmed. In the case of Della and Perry, they can disaffirm the contract because they are highly intoxicated thus not in the right capacity of mind to meet the agreement conditions. The agreement is void. 2. Jasmine can disaffirm the following items: the tickets to the concerts, the medication recommended by her dermatologist for acne, and the down payment for the care. This is because her age does not permit het to enter into a contract with anyone. She does not have the mind competency to understand the requirements for her to enter into agreement. Her mental capacity does not allow her to buy medicine for herself and also to enter in to the cinemas. 3. Keeping the car means that her mother will enter into the contract with the other party on behalf of Jasmine. To ratify t5he agreement, Jasmine’s mother has to sign it on behalf of her daughter. Jasmines mother will be liable for the car agreement in case Jasmine does not honor the monthly payment agreements. 5. Alex should argue that his agreement was non-complete and the time allocated did not allow him to have the competency to complete to think through the agreement comprehensively. In addition, the contract is unenforceable since it is illegal for the firm to infringe the rights and the privileges of others. They could not give him a job continuously, thus he deserves a new job. 6. An exculpatory clause is a section of an agreement that allows one party to liberate the other

The Life of Talented People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Life of Talented People - Essay Example The aim of the online marketing is to achieve as many views as possible to the site. In this regard, the YouTube channel for the musician must be interlinked with all online communities and sites. Therefore a Facebook page for James Morrison will be created and linked to the Twitter following and the YouTube channel through hyperlinks. The online pages and sites for the must be properly designed in order to achieve attractiveness, user-friendliness, and effectiveness in navigation. In this regard, attractive photos of the artist, especially during performances, must be included on the online sites. More importantly, the music videos of the artists must be provided with links to allow views to access them with ease. The Daily Mail (2011, p. 36) illustrates that online marketing of music must ensure that the works of the artist are easily accessible by the audience so that the popularity of the artist within the market will grow significantly. Furthermore, James Morrison’s websi tes and likes will be updated regularly so that current and relevant information on new releases, performances and collaborations are availed to the music market. What is to be given priority is the relevance of the information of the sites. The information on the artist must be interesting to avoid a situation where viewers of the site get bored with the site.Management of Recording DealsSexton, McClure & de Hart (2002, p. 440) point out that one of the most important roles of art managers is making deals with Record Labels or producers. important roles of art managers are making deals with Record Labels or producers. The music business of the artist must be controlled by the artist manager which includes making proper deals with must producers at the right time.

CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Case Study Example When the respondents were given beer without the labels, they were unable to discern their favorite label from the 6 provided. This shows that most consumers do not have a preference for a particular taste of beer. Rather, their preference was biased towards the label rather than the taste. This shows that people make beer buying decisions based on labels rather than taste. Native Advertising is becoming increasingly popular in todays world. In this form of advertising, the advertiser depends on the internet where the ad is placed in the context considering in mind the users experience. An example of this is Pinterest where the advertiser places the ad as a pin rather than the traditional advertisement. Ads as pins are content placed in the context of the users experience. Such form of advertising are more likely to get the attention of the users because most users zone out the traditional forms of advertising but are unable to differentiate advertising from the usual pins. This then increases the impact of the advertising. This form of advertising also generates word of mouth through sharing of the advertisements. Pins are more likely to be shared by users as compared to normal

LAW AND ADMINISTRATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

LAW AND ADMINISTRATION - Assignment Example British-trained commercial staff forms the core of the commercial departments of international clients, contractors and consultants. British standards, codes and products are recognized and respected internationally. An area of particular UK strength that has generated interest from both overseas clients and UK practitioners is the urban regeneration of communities and the infrastructure and economies upon which they depend. No other nation has the depth of experience or the holistic range of skills in delivering large-scale programs of integrated regeneration. The industry, however, needs to wake up to present ground realities. There is criticism that value for money is not being secured in the procurement function due to insufficient focus on modern approaches to procurement function. There is a large workforce for routine functions such as building repairs, maintenance and facilities management. Headed by the City Engineer and Surveyor, the Technical Services Department covers a wide range of construction procurement activities. It has responsibility for the construction, maintenance, facilities management, repair and alteration of a range of buildings. The department has a large in-house workforce for routine functions such as building repairs, maintenance and facilities management. All major construction projects are designed in-house by council architects, engineers and surveyors before being put out to tender. It is council policy that all contracts must be awarded through competitive tendering using admeasurement contracts following completion of the design. The reason for this state of affairs is competition. The construction industry is price based due to which high-cost contractors have to lower prices in order to get work. If all competitors were high-priced, there will be decrease in performance. On the other hand, lowest bid competition leads to compromise in design quality, health and safety, and environment. The Philosophy behind Recent Developments in Construction Procurement in the United Kingdom Construction is a long-term project that requires planning and designing so that the end result matches the overall environmental objectives. It takes various parameters in view so that at every stage of the construction the internal and external factors continue to impact the environment positively. At the macro level there are men, material and money. There are men who do the promotion, planning, designing and execution. Then there are materials to be

Key points in plot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Key points in plot - Essay Example Larch to let him know that they needed some assistance. The historical time mentioned in the novel shows how people at the time lived and their sources of help by churches and hospitals that helped them at the time during the world war one. During this hard time people especially social workers and other workers needed help from well-wishers to assist in the dire time of need. The mention of world war two in the novel is also seen as Homer lives on the Worthington estate in a bunkhouse called the Cider House as Wally leaves to fight in the world war. This shows the struggle that the different states went through and the struggle that the military had to go through to fight for their country as service men for their country. The historical setting of the book is of the world war times as it mentions the different backgrounds of the world wars. The cider house rules is a novel that shares the different opinions on abortion and how it has affected the people from time in memorial the different characters have a role to have their view. There are other views that one would share such as prostitution that are mentioned in the book. The novel shows that issues that were discussed long time ago are still issues that are currently discussed at the present

Effect of Shot Peening on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Essay

Effect of Shot Peening on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties - Essay Example The subsequent literature based understanding can enable dissecting further into this field for the purpose of future developments, research and studies. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a method through which the various components are joint together for the large purpose of creating a substance related to the 3D model data set, commonly layered one over the other, in contrast to the other methods such as that of the subtractive manufacturing methodology [1-5]. This particular method is believed to bring about the new methods and techniques which will generally make the overall process of structural design and crafting much more easily as compared to the previously existing methods and techniques. With the given modern day advancements and developments in the form of automation supported features, without the tool technique or AM supported functioning units, each will benefit from the given method and new techniques incorporated in this regard [6]. A commonly used and implemented method in this regard is that of the AM support unit in the form of Direct Metal Laser Sintering, which comes along with the feature function of generating a net-structured part and can further extended for the entire process of manufacturing through the use of the pre-alloyed powders [7-10]. Components that are generated through this method yield more accurate results and the crafted outlook is much more appreciated and encouraged in terms of quality and general outlook. [10]. Hence, shot peening is possibly an option towards making use of the techniques that enable designing any structure and any outlook based object.

Learning Styles and Theories Essay Example for Free

Learning Styles and Theories Essay There are multiple learning styles and theories that apply to individuals in multiple ways. The VARK learning style that my analysis revealed is read/write according to the questionnaire by Fleming (2001-2014). This categorization of my learning style compliments me well and I definitely agree that actually seeing the information spelled out in front of me allows me to better understand the information. The two learning theories that relate to my VARK learning style are behaviorism and constructivism. Behaviorism focusing on a clear goal with an automatic response and constructivism affording me the ability to problem solve. Being an andragogical learner I’m able to apply what I’ve learned during my pedagogical phase to my educational experiences. Let’s take a closer look at what behaviorism entails. Behaviorism focuses on the observable changes in behavior. Moreover, it’s the act of doing something new several times until it’s second nature. A prime example is while completing schoolwork the instructor provides continuous positive reinforcement; depending upon the grade the student will constantly modify their behavior until they receive positive reinforcement. According to Watson (n.d.) behaviorism’s goal is to explain relationships between precedent conditions (stimuli), behavior (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect). Without the positive reinforcement the learned responses that the student exhibits will diminish. My VARK learning style relates to behaviorism by me receiving positive reinforcement through written praise; additionally, with good grades I will continue performing at the same level. Once I’ve developed an understanding of how a task needs to be accomplished I will tailor my actions towards that behavior to continue to receive that positive reinforcement and it becomes second nature. Along with observable changes in behavior, one-step further looks into constructivism and it’s aim on brain-based learning. Constructivism relies on what the learner already knows and the understanding of the subject at hand. Moreover, building new ideas or concepts are based upon current knowledge and past experiences and amplifies when actively engaged. According to Brunner (n.d.) the three stages of  intellectual development are enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Enactive is learning through actions on physical objects and the outcomes, iconic learning is through models and pictures, and lastly symbolic learning is the ability to think in abstract terms (Brunner, n.d.). Constructivism relates to my VARK learning style in the aspect that learning is ongoing and by reading and writing I’m constantly improving my skills and perception. There can be multiple interpretations of an excerpt of literature, therefore by having someone facilitate the learning process with the knowledge of my baseline understanding of the topic at hand that person can build upon it. Thus, my VARK learning style suggests I write out words repeatedly or read them to myself, which goes along with reviewing information multiple times, and learning takes time according to the principles of constructivism. As an adult learner my identified VARK learning style affects my educational pursuit positively. Falling into andragogical learning realm I have more experiences and therefore I can apply those experiences while learning. Adult learners take on the responsibility to be self-directed, and have a wealth of experience that enables them to transform information into meaningful cognitive and reality-based applications (Minter, 2011, p. 9). In retrospect the pedagogical concept requires the instructor to be more directive, placing students in a more passive role, and that students don’t have the motivation or maturity to be self-directed learners (Minter, 2011, p. 9). Applying active learning concepts such as reading and writing allows me to actively be categorized under the andragogical concept. Moreover, by writing and speaking the words to myself and reflecting to solve problems I’m practicing the concept of self-directed and problem-centered aspects of andragogical learni ng. Therefore, I will be able to apply my VARK learning style to complete my educational endeavors and continue on my path of success. The three learning theories of Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism can be applied to any of the four learning styles (visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic). I feel that we cannot generalize that a student will be classified solely under one learning style, they will adapt and apply what is more appropriate given the information or circumstances.  The learning theory used depends upon the learning situation. Being identified as an andragogical learner I’m able to apply life experiences, need to know, relevance of the subject matter and how it applies to me, and use my motivation to further my educational goals with the guidance of instructors that are more like facilitators. Malcolm Knowles paved the path for educators and students alike that entail specific learning principles to enable learners to thrive educationally and without his significant contribution who knows where we would be today. References Bruner, J. (n.d.). Constructivism Discovery Learning. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles- inc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/bruner.html Fleming, N. D. (2001-2014). Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/english/index.asp Minter, R. (2011). The Learning Theory Jungle. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 8(6), 9. Watson, J. B. (n.d.). Behaviorism. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/Watson.html

The ethical theories of natural law and situation ethics Essay Example for Free

The ethical theories of natural law and situation ethics Essay There are two main approaches to ethics which are held by Christians today. Over the years it has proved to be a very controversial and widely debated issue. Catholics and certain other strict denominations of the Christian church hold the view that natural law should be the means of making ethical decisions, whereas more liberal Christians consider situation ethics as a more suitable ethical system to go by. Natural law was advocated by St Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century. It states that all ethical decisions should be made by looking at the absolute moral laws which have been laid down for us by God. For Christians these stem from The Ten Commandments. Believers in this are known as Ethical Deontologists. They maintain that an action is intrinsically good, bad, right or wrong. When faced with a moral dilemma, one should refer to the Law, irrespectively of what the outcome will be. It is suggested that the human purpose of life is to live and reproduce, to live harmoniously, to learn and to worship God. Problems can arise when the consequence of the decision causes more harm than good. An example of this can be found in Catholic moral theology abortion is immoral and can never be permitted. A loophole in this law means that a surgical procedure may be acceptable even if the result of it leads to the death of a foetus. In this case abortion isnt the primary intention, but is a by-product of the primary objective. This makes it permissible, but can lead to further problems if there are more biological complications. It is at points such as this that the basic natural law approach begins to fall apart. In this day and age it is becoming increasingly difficult to apply absolute moral laws to every situation that arises. On the basis of the principle, it could be argued that it is acceptable to kill thousands of Afghans so as to avoid the deaths of a few Americans. Evil effects can be easily justified by claiming that they are by-products of ones actions. This brings us to the question of whether God has laid down firm and unalterable rules or whether as human beings, we need to make our own moral decisions. As a result of the major flaws that appear in the theory of natural law, a Teleological approach to ethics was later introduced by the Anglican theologian, Joseph Fletcher, although the basic ideas of situation ethics have a much longer history. This relative theory of ethics is based on consequentiality the outcome of an action. The main principle of this theory is that for an action to be ethical, it simply has to be carried out in a loving manner. Nothing is intrinsically good except for love. Actions are good if they help human beings and they are bad if they hurt people there are no other criteria. What is right in one case may be wrong in another. The individual and the situation are the only important thing when making a decision, rather than applying a principle (for example thou shalt not kill). The following quotations help to summarise situation ethics, There is only one ultimate and invariable duty, and its formula is Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. How to do this is another question, but this is the whole of moral duty. (William Temple) The law of love is the ultimate law because it is the negation of law; it is absolute because it concerns everything concretethe absolutism of love is its power to go into concrete situations. (Paul Tillich) Even though the teleological approach is a relative theory of ethics, it still involves an absolute law which is to do everything in love. However, the relativity of this theory allows room for exceptions to rules. Relativism doesnt imply that anything goes. For something to be relative, youve got to have something to be a benchmark, and situation ethics states that it should be relative to love. Fletcher said that it relativises the absolute, it does not absolutise the relative! Jesus and the apostles replaced the Torah, the strict Jewish Law with the principle of love. In the New Testament Jesus condemns the Pharisees for taking the Jewish Laws to such extremes because it loses the spirit in which the Law was written. This Christian love that Jesus taught and lived is known as agape. Agape does not depend on being loved in return. The command of love calls individuals to a high level of personal responsibility. Agape is not selective and doesnt have favourites it is a matter of attitude not feeling. It desires the good of others, not of the self. Above all, Christian love is practical (James 2:14-26). Jesus tells us that we should love our enemies our neighbour is anybody and everybody. As with just about every theory of morality, situation ethics is open to a considerable amount of criticism. The notion of basing actions on consequentiality is not always helpful because it can be difficult to determine the outcomes of certain situations, especially in the long-term. Humans also tend to look at situations subjectively so it becomes easy for selfishness to taint love. It can be difficult to assess a situation with objectivity. Even some actions dont necessarily become good just because they are done from a loving motive. The two theories that I have looked at are in stark contrast to one another. I think that it is difficult, if not impossible, to say that there is one approach that should be used at all times to justify every ethical decision that needs to be made. Each situation can throw up unexpected technicalities and difficulties that we have to contend with, but that doesnt mean to say that we shouldnt make decisions on the basis of our own moral beliefs. Bishop John Robinson once wrote, There is no one ethical system that can claim to be Christian and I completely agree with that. A supporter of the natural law approach asks what the law says and the situationist asks what is the best decision to help human beings, but why cant there be a middle ground? We should be able to use what was once the Law as a guideline when making ethical decisions rather than sticking rigidly to one approach just for the sake of theological argument. The Pope believes that the Law is Gods revealed will but it could be said that God revealed his will most fully through Jesus time on Earth. Not only did He preach on the importance of love, but He also showed us perfect examples of it throughout His life. It is the subtle difference between these doctrines that lies at the heart of many issues which are in hot debate at the moment. If the Church could ignore these theological ambiguities and become reunited, perhaps they could then learn to fulfill their purpose in Christ.

Nuclear Power As A Green Energy Source Environmental Sciences Essay

Nuclear Power As A Green Energy Source Environmental Sciences Essay In todays society, nuclear energy is a high demanded source of energy. It provides electricity to households and businesses with electricity efficiently for it to be able to run. It is viewed by various political and non political groups as hazardous, threat to climate change such as global warming, and not a sustainable source of energy. Their view of producing electricity and other sources energy is to be produced from renewable sources such as wind turbines and solar power. Many researchers argue that the threat to environment from the production of nuclear energy is not the case and in fact less harmful to the globe and produces less greenhouse gases (Dawson 2003, 34), some like to see that nuclear energy has a zero carbon emission. Nuclear energy is viewed as a cost effective way of producing electricity compared to coal burning which was seen to be expensive and huge threat to the environment. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report is to consider whether or not nuclear power can indeed be seen as a green and sustainable green source of energy. 1.2 Scope This report considers what nuclear power is, the future energy demand in relation to global warming, the advantages of nuclear energy, disadvantages of nuclear energy such as the effects of the environment, whether it can be seen as a green solution in producing energy, and a sustainable source of energy. 1.3 Sources and Methods Information was collected from books, scholarly journal articles, green peace and greenies internet website. Nuclear Power Nuclear power is energy that is produced for the purpose of proving electricity for domestic, industrial, and other industry use (Hodgson 1999, 51). The cycle of producing energy involves mining the uranium ores, converting for fuel, enrichment, fabrication, the production of a power plant, operating, uranium processing, and waste disposal (Fthenakis and Kim 2006, 2552; Lillington 2009, 94). It is made up of a material called uranium which goes through a number of processes until is it stacked inside fuel rods. These fuel rods are then used to produce heat and steam which allows the nuclear reactor to produce energy (Fthenakis and Kim 2006, 2552). Nuclear power is seen as a hazardous process of producing electricity (Hultman 2008, 41; Greenpeace. 2010; The Greens 2010). Others view as a way of strategy to reduce greenhouse gases (Pasztor 1991, 98) and providing economic stability (Green 2008, 15). As mentioned before, environmental groups such as Greenpeace and political parties for example the Australian Greens party have fought against organisations in the matter of nuclear power and have accusing them of being the main problem for global warming. However society heavily relies on nuclear power and sees this as a demand or simply a necessity for them to use in their daily lives. Nuclear power is easy to produce, it can provide a large supply of electricity nuclear power and sees this as a demand or simply a necessity for them to use in their daily lives. Nuclear power is easy to produce, it can provide a large supply of electricity nuclear power and sees this as a demand or simply a necessity for them to use in their daily lives. Nuclear power is easy to produce; it can provide a large supply of electricity, and is very efficient if providing the demand for electricity (Sovacool 2008, 3). The use of renewable sources of energy from solar and wind would not be enough to provide energy to a house. In fact it cannot power two 60 watt light bulbs for a whole day. Future Energy Demand Nuclear power is considered to be a future energy demand in terms of carbon emissions which is related to global warming (Pasztor 1991, 105; Kessides 2009, 323). With the high demand for electricity to improve living standards, many countries are still constructing and operating nuclear plants to generate nuclear energy (Pasztor 1991, 105; Green 2008, 15; Hodgson 1999, 119). This is due to increase of population, a rise in incomes in countries which develop increases the energy demand. During 2008, the United States had approved another 30 reactors to be built (Green 2008, 15). Countries such as Germany, France, and Japan have made investments to improve their processing activities in which this will result in lower quantities of plutonium and uranium needed to generate nuclear power (Pasztor 1991, 103). As of 2005, there were twenty countries that depended on nuclear energy for the use of electricity. It is seen as a dependable source of energy that has no emission of carbon. This a lso includes the stage during the processing with fossil fuels (Lorenzini 2005, 33). In the context of global warming, research conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) show that nuclear power should be retained because it is seen as a production of energy that is carbon free (Dawson 2003, 34). Advantages Looking at the element Uranium, one pound of it contains the same energy of one millions of coal (Lorenzini 2005, 33). This means less mining activity for Uranium and requiring less energy. It is seen as been a low carbon emitter, according to Pasztor (1991, 98) it can be considered as an alternative source of energy in greenhouse gas reduction strategies. During the production of nuclear energy it is show that small amounts of air pollution along with acidic gases are created during the combustion stage of the fossil fuels (Pasztor 1991, 98). It which this can be a better alternative for producing electricity then coal. However according to Mortimer (1991, 76) nuclear power is found to offer less than its advocates imply. This is when its looked more into it. Again we can also take into account Jan Murray who represented the Uranium Institute who supports the fact the carbon dioxide is not produced by nuclear power (Mortimer 1991, 76). The sustainable development commission mentions that the production of nuclear energy can be seen as a low carbon emission (Kennedy 2007, 3710). Many organisations are currently investing in improved nuclear energy production which can be seen as a positive view, in which this will lead to a decrease in carbon emission (Kennedy 2007, 3710). Building more nuclear plants can see a reduction of gas consumption. At times when there is a shortage, large industries can take advantage of the reduction of gas for their benefit. This means a low impact on the environment, this leads to saving energy and requiring less mining, transport, and exploration (Kennedy 2007, 3711). When it comes to nuclear waste, the coal waste is seen to be more hazardous. It includes been hazardous to the environment and to our health. However nuclear power is less harmful and better for the environment (Lorenzini 2005, 34). Disadvantages For nuclear power to be produced, first a nuclear station needs to be constructed. Constructing requires concrete, aluminium, steel, diesel to operate machinery, and copper. In which they do require a large amount of it (Fthenakis and Kim 2007, 2553). The materials required for the construction is gathered from mainly mining activities. In which it is seen that mining does play a role in environmental pollution and emission of greenhouse gases (Kennedy 2007, 3711). As from 2006 cost analysis report, it is estimated to cost 2.8 billion pounds to construct a plant (Kennedy 2007, 3708). The use of Uranium to fuel the nuclear power plant are seen as highly radioactive, fuel is either disposed or reprocessed in storage casks or in pools. However the United States as having the majority of pants in the world ( ), it does not consider reprocessing fuels. Some claim to have less emission and not a contributor to global warming (Mortimer 1991, 76). However during the enrichment, operation, an d production stages of the nuclear cycle. It requires a lot of energy in order for the stages to function (Fthenakis and Kim 2007, 2553). The end of the life cycle is still accounted for greenhouse pollution. All power stations and industries that relate to it have an effect on the environment (Hodgson 1999, 117). These effects are seen as a huge impact on our health and landscape that is used for mining which can lead to destruction to the land (Hodgson 1991, 119). As mentioned before, we produce more energy to improve our living, but pollution is produced during the cycle of the nuclear power which brings our living of standard down (Hodgson 1991, 119). Generation of nuclear power produces waste which is dangerous and seen as a global problem. Usually wastes are buried underground and has a mass effect to the earth. Care is not usually taken (Hodgson 1991, 123) in which the effect of radiation pollution can occur. 6.1 Chernobyl and Three Mile Island Looking at the Chernobyl and the Three Mile Island incident (Greenpeace International 2010) these incidents lead a huge contamination to the water supply and cause of deaths in Ukraine due to radioactive pollution. The people of Ukraine have also suffered from birth defects and other cancerous illness due to the proper care not taken into place (Adamantiades and Kessides 2009, 5160). Green Energy The question is raised earlier one is whether nuclear power can be seen as green source of energy. The world has witnessed tragic incidents such as the Chernobyl and Hiroshima in which nuclear power had made a huge effect to the globe (Tilson 1996, 63; Damian 1992, 597). To some certain areas, it can be considered as a green source of energy. Adamantiades and Kessides (2009, 5151) mention that nuclear power has shown that it can avoid effects of fossil fuel pollutants. Eliminating coal and replacing with uranium would put less harm to the environment and lower the greenhouse gas emissions. The more nuclear power used to produce energy can help to reduce the use of such minerals such as lignite, hard coal, and oil. As these minerals are harmful for the environment it would mean less used in exchange for nuclear power. Lorenzini mentions that nuclear power is better for the environment and health compared to other minerals such as coal (Lorenzini 2005, 34). However political groups suc h as The Australian Greens Party argue that nuclear power is not a solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (The Australian Greens 2010). Also Greenpeace international claims that the use of nuclear power is a risk to humanity and the environment (Greenpeace International 2010) but Lorenzini (2005, 38) argues that the goals of nuclear power is ease the pressure on land use along with the environmental problems thats occur and eliminate emissions that contribute to climate change and human health issues. The debate on whether nuclear power is green is difficult to answer as the positives views are equal to the negative views. Sustainable Energy The question whether nuclear power can be seen as sustainable source of energy has been. As Lorenzini mentions (2005, 36) sustainability of nuclear power depends on an adequate approach to nuclear waste. This is often difficult due to the difficulties in looking for a suitable site for waste to be deposed. However the nuclear industry has faced this problem of waste disposal on whether it should disposed or reprocessed (Adamantiades and Kessides 2009, 5166). Nuclear waste is either placed in ceramic or glass containers and then taken to an appropriate area for disposal. Due to the Hazardous radiation, Uranium needs to be disposed straight after electricity is produced to in order to have a less effect on the environment (Greenpeace 2010). This is five years after the power plant has cooled down the waste in its pool in order to prevent it from melting down. Nuclear power can seen as not been sustainable, due to the fact that there is no way safe way of disposing it. Conclusion To conclude this report, we have mainly identified the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power in todays society. A lot of improvements have been made on nuclear power in terms of its performance and harm to the environment. We can see that nuclear energy is a step to been green and is replacing use of coal to provide electricity. However nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy. As it is difficult to find storage places and the effect it has on the environment once its transferred for cooling. Many groups such as The Australian Greens Party and Greenpeace International are totally against this measure and see this as burden to the environment and to our health. But one question that is raised is that why that is these groups target nuclear power when other sources of generators such as coal are heavily used to provide electricity. Overall nuclear power is a source of energy that we heavily depend on (Sovacool 2008, 2). Renewable sources of energy from solar and wind need to be improved in order to provide the required amount of electricity that a household would require.

5 Modes Of Transportation :: essays research papers

5 Modes of Transportation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to have easy mobility of persons and goods, it is necessary to have a sophisticated and widespread transportation system. This system is made up of five primary areas of transportation, which are: - Motor vehicles - Railroad transportation - Air transportation - Water transportation - Pipelines Each of these five modes consists of different subsystems which make up the system. Each mode is used to transport persons or goods, but in many instances, one mode may be favored over the others. All five modes require some primary source of funds for building and maintaining the infrastructure. These funds may come from a number of different places such as the federal government, state, or the city through which the system runs. Different government agencies have jurisdiction over the modes. These agencies focus on maintaining and improving safety of each system. The individual states also have certain obligations to the operation and regulation of the different modes of transportation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each mode is made up of primary subsystems. The subsystems of railroad transportation include freight trains and passenger trains. Freight trains are used to transport goods and materials between cities while passenger trains are used to transport people. Although freight trains are still used all across the nation, rail intercity freight has accounted for a decreasing share of the total ton mileage over the past 30 years. This is mostly due to the increase in truck transport. Rail passenger traffic had also declined over the years until better service was offered by Amtrak and the price of fuel increased. Much of the decline in rail passenger traffic has been due to the increasing number of air passengers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air transport can also be divided into the subsystems of passenger and freight transport. Passenger air travel has rapidly increased over the years due to: - Increasing Gross National Product - Increasing wealth of the middle-income groups - Increasing number of nonprimary industry in the economic system - Increasing amount of general aviation - Improved technology The areas for air transport of express and freight and mail has also increased rapidly over the years. This is due mostly to improved technology which has steadily lowered the cost of air transport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like rail and air transport, water transportation can also be broken down to passenger and freight transport. Passenger transportation by water only accounts for a very small percentage of water transport because it is very slow and relatively inconvenient for most people. This is primarily used by people for vacation purposes. Most often, water transport is used for freight movement of items that are bulky and of low cost per unit volume.

Confucianism Essay -- essays research papers

Confucianism Confucianism is an East Asian philosophy built up by a Chinese philosopher, Confucius (K'ung Fu-tzu), in the 6th - 5th century BCE. It’s a philosophy based on human morals and relationships. To really understand Confucianism, how it originated and what parts of history contributed towards its development, you have to look into: who is Confucius, the history of Confucianism and what happened to Confucianism after the death of Confucius? Who is Confucius? Confucius was of noble descent in the state of Lu (modern Shantung). No records show him attending school even though Confucius was a well educated man. He had to make his own living at an early age. He started a political career at a young age, rising in the ranks, but fell faster than what he rose. His main goal in politics was to restore humanity and to convince various nobles to follow a certain guideline, but after he was dismissed from government, he never returned to public life. By the age of 20, Confucius decided to become a teacher, to try to change the world through what he teachers. He had a pattern of thinking that inspired many people, no matter what religion they were, most of East Asia and their way of thinking had Confucian elements in them. His policy was "accept anyone as a disciple provided that the student is willing to learn." But the violent leaders at the time, paid no attention to any of his philosophies. Confucius was one of the first and few philo sophers to leave a collection of writings behind as a source for all people (like the Bible for Catholics). History of Confucianism Confucius lived from 551BCE to 479BCE, during the Chou Dynasty, where in fact imperial rule was breaking down. High principled men originally founded then ran the Chou Dynasty, but by Confucius' time, China was going through a very difficult period where conflicts and attacks had controlled the dynasty, while usurpers took over land, this dynasty was corrupt. This period of political turmoil (770BCE-221BCE) started a new era of a "hundred schools" where teachers, such as Confucius, would move from state to state teaching their other people about their ideas and morals. This was also the time though, where prisoners were put to death in mass executions, soldiers were paid when they presented the severed heads of the enemy, whole populations that were captured were beheaded a... ... as if his life was a disappointment and a failure, but this is proven to not be true because his disciples thought he was great enough to create the book Mencius which is like the Analects. Neo-Confucianism In the East Asian countries, Confucianism was in a competition with Buddhism and Taoism. After the death of Mencius, Confucianism reemerged into a new form now called Neo-Confucianism, which is an interpretation of Confucian thought (mainly that of Mencius) that also addressed the issues of Buddhism and Taoism. So until the early 20th Century, this new philosophical force in Chinese life remained. Confucianism started off as a one man show, trying to make a difference in politics and in general, teaching people about morals and good human conduct. As history progressed, through changes of dynasties and different emperors, many new and different feelings about Confucianism emerged. But Confucius never changed what he believed in, no matter how many times his beliefs were rejected. He fought for what he new was right, and in the end didn’t achieve what he wanted to. But to everyone else, he was a brave man, a man who never gave up and a man whose legend is worth remembering.

Vampires Essay -- History, Hollywood, Lamastu, God Anu

When the word vampire is said it evokes Hollywood images of handsome men and beautiful women, seductive creatures with fangs that lure in their prey with their hypnotic stare along with their good looks, wit and charm. Once the prey is seduced the vampire goes straight for the throat, biting down and draining their blood and ultimately their life. More recently the images may be of the sexy Vampire who is trying to pass as human in some high school setting that is amazingly fast, and strong, yet trying to be sensitive. Some sparkle in the sun and others must avoid it altogether, while still others wear some enchanted ring or jewelry in order to walk in sunlight. Oh yes, and let’s not forget their ability to go on living forever because one of the most incredible qualities is a vampire’s immortality, unless they have a wood or silver stake driven through their heart, or end up decapitated and burned, which would swiftly end there immortal rain. Whichever version of vamp ire you envision will depend on the most recent book, movie, or television series you are intrigued by. These images are the glorified Hollywood images that are spoon fed to us daily, but these are not the true definitions or characteristics of a real vampire. As much as most people believe that the image of the vampire was spawned from the story of Dracula written by Bram Stoker that is certainly not the case, the story of the vampire started thousands of years ago and span the globe, and continue to engross society today. Every culture has their own story and origination point and these stories have spawned a growing fascination with vampires. It is important to look back and see where it all began in order to uncover the truth of real vampires today. One of t... ...astical ability’s to pass onto their victims through their bite or blood. Just because they are not the vampires we read about or seen on the big screen does not make them any less real. As with anything, Hollywood, and pop culture have become very good at taking the ordinary and making it bigger than it really is or more fantastical which can be with how witches, robots, and housewives are portrayed. Hopefully one day we will be able to separate the fantasy from the reality and see them for what they really are; people like you and me, going to work each day, living life a day at a time. They could be your doctor, friend, teacher or even your neighbor. People fear what they don’t understand, therefore if you look for the truth you will understand that the Real Vampires of today are not to be feared, they just have different energetic needs than the rest of us.

Employment and Dual Career Couples Essay

The organizations who are hire spouses can decrease unemployment rate. Nowadays, one of them is not working, but they have qualification to get the position in the organization. So, when one of them who are working in organization can suggests to the employer to recruit their partner in the same organization. Then, the employer can consider the suggestions and he or she can recruit spouses for working based on vacancies and qualification of the job in the organization. 2) Reduce the loss of qualified workers Nowadays, many educated, professional men are choosing to marry educated, professional women instead of traditional housewives, companies are faced with the prospect of losing qualified employees when a spouse gets a new job in another city or is transferred. One way to avoid dealing with a spouse’s unpredictable employment situation is to employ the couple. This strategy is particularly popular in universities and laboratories in which both spouses are chemists or both are professors. Some companies are even able to employ couples in different careers, one in an accounting department and one in a legal department, for example. By employing the couple, companies can control the risk of losing an employee due to a spouse’s changing situation. 3) Create a new functions in organization The organization hires the spouses or parents will help to create a new function of business into their organization. For example, the organization can establish child center or nursery. At the same time, it can create a new job such as babysitter. 4) Increase the income When hiring the dual-career couples in the organization it can increase the income of the spouses. This spouses who are working hard to get an education and enter into high-paying jobs are completely focused on their careers, which raises the chances that they will be well compensated for their skill set. 5) Assume two-career couples as individual workers in organization Some companies shy away from hiring dual-career couples because of concern over the couple’s performance. Some companies do not want to get stuck employing one â€Å"weak† employee just to hold on to the â€Å"stronger† partner. Companies may also fear complaints from other employees regarding special treatment for spouses who are unqualified for their positions. Your company can avoid this by ensuring dual-career couples that they will be treated as individuals at the workplace. Each partner will be held entirely accountable for his or her performance and one partner will not be allowed to negotiate for a better position or higher salary for the other partner. Likewise, one partner will not be held accountable for the other partner’s mistakes. 6) Reduce a discrimination to women Although traditionally women are held responsible for childcare and household affairs whether they work or not, this is not fair to either men or women in the workforce. So some companies offer benefits such as paid leave, flexible hours and child care services without regard to gender. Only offering child care leave to women places the burden of child care exclusively on women employees and prevents male employees from participating in child care in their own homes. This causes stress to employees and families and can result in women being discriminated against. Potential liabilities 1) Organization are losing productivity and employees Organizations are losing productivity and employees because of the demands of family life. The study found that among the 400 working parents surveyed, problems with child care were the most significant predictors of absenteeism and low productivity. 2) Poor communication When the employer gives the different task to this spouse, they are not satisfied when not placed together in a group assignment. So, they feel uncomfortable when given difference task and make a problem for them in completing the assignment. As a result, the assignment cannot be solved and their job performance decreased. Question 2 Many of the services for dual-career couples and parent employees are provided by large corporations that have far greater financial resources than smaller companies. Identify and discuss potential with a small company’s HRM function can alleviate the challenges facing employees who are parents and employees with working spouses. Nowadays, there have a total of workforce is comprised of dual career couples with many of them having children, the need for Human Resource Departments to provide services that both alleviate time conflicts and also promote a healthy lifestyle balance is critical. For small companies in particular, the challenge of retaining dual career couples is compounded by the need for first retaining top talent when larger organizations with a broader range of family care services, in addition to staying competitive in their markets while giving employees flexibility in taking care of their families. While smaller companies may find competing on benefits alone will be difficult, the one advantage they do have is flexibility and a closer management of time for dual career couples with families. First, smaller companies can create a telecommunication policy that will allow workers to work from home while at the same time being able to take care of their families. A telecommunication policy is commonplace in larger organizations and could significantly increase productivity for workers who may need to be home when their children are sick. A small company also can builds a nursery to keep the employee welfare, to run the nursery the organization used a lot of money. So, the HRM department should collect the fees from their employee to cover the nursery. The parents pay the fees through payroll deduction. This program enables to people to share a job on a part-time basis and is major boon to spouses who want to continue their careers while raising children. The program also reduced turnover and the absenteeism, boosted morale, and helped achieve affirmative action objectives. Generally, every spouse has their own problem. Sometimes they are not settling the problem at the home, and they take along the problem into the workplace. Besides that, they also have another problem at the workplace and will cause their performance decreased because the two problems are mix together. In this case, we need a counseling session to solve their problem. Question 3 Suppose that a dual-career couple involves spouses who are at different career stages. Does this situation pose problems for the couple? For the organization or organization employing them? Discuss. No, because some of the benefits could be that it may be easier to find two positions of different levels rather than two positions of the same level. While with this scenario you do loose the shared responsibilities and job requirements. In some academic fields it may also lead to a mentor type relationship, which for some is ideal, and for the organization could mean that you get more years for your hire. For example if you have the 40 year old professor who is well established and the spouse who is younger and less established they can mentor under the other and when one retires you still have the second to work for more years. Besides that, a dual-career couple involves spouses who are at different career stages they can understand each other and can help to solve their problem in the workplace. Proponents assert that couple who works for the same share the same goal, are often more committed to the company, and are more willing to work longer hours. Hiring couples helps attract and keep top employees, and relocations are also easier for the couples and to the company. Besides that, they also can share and change the information. If one the spouses has a high position he or she will help the spouses who face difficulties in completing the task. So they can collaborate and discuss in solving the task. Next, the performance of the subordinate spouse can be increased and will help boost the company’s performance. The organization also has workforce diversity. The organization will get the advantages when hiring dual career couples because they have a different skill, ability, knowledge and other characteristic can help organization the achieve the goals. They can come out with a new strategies and tactics that will support the need of organization. So, it always have an advantages in compete with other organization and a good change will happen in every stage or phase in achieve their objective.

Mammal classified

All living creatures ar classified by a s steady-level system. The superlative level is kingdom, followed by phylum, and and then class. In this particular case, the system is animalia, chordata, and the mammalia, or mammals. Mammals argon animals which be warm-blooded, have got fur, and live young. They atomic number 18 classified further into 3 subclasses and then into 26 auberges. Mammals make up a significant portion of the visible species on earth, and include humans and all stick out pets.The first subclass is called Eutheria. In includes these orders Artiodactyla (deer, camels, pigs, cows, sheep, etc.), order Carnivora (cats, bears, etc.), Cetacea (whales, dolphins), Chiroptera (bats), Insectivora (hedgehogs, moles, shrews), order Lagomorpha (rabbits, h ars), Perissodactyla (horses, rhinos, tapirs), Primates (apes, monkeys, lemurs, mess), Proboscidea (elephants, etc.), order Rodentia (rats, etc.), Sirenia (sea cows, manatees), Tubulidentata (aardvarks), and more (www .enchantedlearning.com). These are the most long-familiar mammals to people, and it is also the extensivest subclass. opposite subclasses are Metatheria (marsupials) and Prformer(a)ia.Each order contains a number of contrasting animals, which are all similar to each other in certain ways. For example, artiodactlya contains animals that have an even number of toes, while perissodactyla contains animals that have an odd number of toes. Both classes are similar, in that they both have large animals. Primates is possibly the most familiar class, and it contains humans and monkeys, which are very similar, in having body hair and opposable thumbs.Classifying mammals allows scientists to empathize the features of the different groups. While all mammals produce sexually and have live young, the gestational periods are different in different classes. Knowing the differences helps to gain the different animals that scientists and people encounter.Mammal classifications are very minist rant in understanding the similarities and differences between types of animals. It helps scientists to understand and order the world around them, and is a useful and necessary system.

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

The usage of Mohandas Gandhi greatly affected martin Luther Kings writing , particularly in the region of nonviolent opposition.However they had already laid the solid bedrock for the advancement of the film industry and other pioneers took it in the 1930’s. (Hortelano, 2011, p.256)While during the First World War, the cinema industry seemed to have grounded to a halt, the period after 1920 going to 1930’s show gradual emergence of younger film directors with much enthusiasm in the industry. Such included Marcel Carne, Rene Clair logical and Jean Renoir (Conley 2007 p.Theyre also in applying the preparation methods superior subject matters.This included among others, Jacques Rivette, little Jean lucques Godard, Loius Malle, Francois Truffaut and Alain Resnais. This group of thin film makers believed that a filmmaker has possession of the film without interference from either studios or producers. This paper will discuss Partie de Campagne and Les Mistons., twenty tw o films made by two great French film makers, Jean Renoir and vitry Francois Truffaut respectively.

Throughout your education, you need to write essays.However, despite it being unfinished, it was released ten years down the line. Renoir is famed for producing films with lots of critical realism and satirical content (Hortelano, 2011, p.257). Just like Truffaut’s film, the film Parte de Campagne is a romance filled film based on a short story by Guy de Maupassant and the plot of the film revolves around a family that decides to give take sometime in the country side.When youre in possession of a strong thesis, then you will start to compose the article and ve fully improved your article topic.The former lover, George Saint-Saens, undertook to renew the initial relationship great but to no avail. They both try to catch up but the family large heads to the city. Episodes on what happened were never shot as the project was abandoned (Miller, 2006, p.5) Exemplar, the shots of the late summer storm and the long sequence of the rain firing the river that, underlying the expl osion of passion of the only natural element, and between Henry and Henriette.

He keeps close to Maupassant narratives events.258).On the other hand, Truffaut’s Les Mistons delves onto the lives of children. It was shot in 1957, when Truffaut was only twenty five years old. Unlike Renoir, Truffaut represents the second phase of original French new wave in the cinema industry.Intertextuality has been used by writers as a device for a means to bring forth references to other functions that might help to construct the affect his full text is wanted by the author.Bernadette is the origin and object of a prestigious discovery, symbol of a bright sensuality, mysterious and fascinating personification of the full dark dreams and secret imaginations that populate the nights of adolescents in NÃ ®mes.She becomes the victim of a hostile crowd as soon as the brats learn the impossibility to possess the object of desire, the sense of their strangeness as jealous witnesses, forced to only spy kisses and desire hoped tenderness. The camera takes on this helples s anger, clutching complimentary close behind the five Mistons, following them lovingly. The destruction of the couple has a remote character, is projected worn out of the exclusive world of adolescents: there is just a little bitterness, pity perhaps, only as a memory of the adventures of adolescence.

Dialogism is a form of intertextuality though the expression was coined decades after dialogism.He attempted to make the film as sensuous as possible using affects such as reverse motion and slow motion in for first instance the scene where Gerald is seen kissing Bernadette on the balcony (Dixon, 2006, p.6). Just like his hero Renoir, the shooting of the film was grounded for some time, as the cast took a ten days break logical and came back to continue as if nothing had happened. Being twenty five years then, it captures the moment of the time as it displays his love for the american youth and relationships.From here, you have to develop your own topic that is specific that is under how this overall idea.So well was the synchronization that any boy chosen to appear on the scene would be seen to be representative of the entire idea of all boys’ infatuation (Conley 2007 p.166). This is based on his approach in acquiring the cast where he conducted interviews with boys in the age bracket eleven to fourteen, where he was looking for raw talent and best best fits into the cast rather than theatrical experience. His desire to grow and uplift young people old saw him recruit a young person for the position of director of production, his friend logical and collaborator Bazin (Dixon, 2006, p.

Movie directors may be thought to how have invented the notion of cinema.In fact, one of the boys out of the cinema rips the poster while the others 3rd sing Colliers perdus sans chiens, reversing the lyrics of Paul Edmond Bacri Misraki which is part of the musical soundtrack of the film by Delannoy.Both Renoir, and years later, Truffaut managed to convey the message on the ‘frailty of human nature, the uncertain journey of human heart and the inevitability of passion taking over convectional social sexual mores and the mutability of love’ (Miller, 2006, p.4). Both aueturs treat similar themes in a natural framework, signature of both’s poetic realism.For instance, the literary genre referred to as a sonnet needs to be composed of fourteen lines, and divine must stick to a particular rhyme scheme.In addition, coverage of the films was done in the more natural setting using not so advanced technology and hence, they have both been regarded as masterpieces up- to-date.ReferenceConley 2007, Cartographic cinema, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisDixon-Winston 2006, Senses of Cinema. [Online]. Available at: http://sensesofcinema.

It isnt a normal romance blindly glorifying the medieval Earth .Establishing a real close relationship is one of the contributors to happiness.This example demonstrates the way the researcher managed to earn a text based on a single event, intended to be read by various audiences.The next job is to decide the role of the allusion.

Neurotransmitter: Neuron and Hormones Function

What Is Neurotransmitter? Neurotransmitter is a chemic that is released from a hardiness carrell which thereby transmits an pulsation from a font boothular phone to some separatewise kindling, muscle, pipe organ or other tissue. (Webster sunrise(prenominal) serviceman pr performice of medicine dictionary. http//www. medterms. com/ bridge player/ of import/art. asp? articlekey=9973) What argon Hormones? Hormones ar chemics that fill messages from variety meat of your automobile trunk to your cells. The glands that publish hormones atomic number 18 f arwell of the ductless gland gland strategy (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas, to piddle a few) and trifle in self-aggrandizing vocalization to obtain the organic structures earthy sleep in check. (Gary Gills, originator about. com January 15, 2009. ttp//type1diabetes. about. com/od/glossaryofdiabetesterms/g/Hormones. ht deem an chronicle of 2 similarities and deuce differences in how Neurotrans mitter and hormones duty as messenger. It is believed that the wizardry contains some(prenominal) snow disparate types of chemical substance messengers (neurotransmitters) that act as discourse agents in the midst of dissimilar brainpower cells. These chemical messengers atomic number 18 molecular substances that prat expunge mood, appetite, anxiety, sleep, center field rate, temperature, aggression, tutelage and some other mental and tangible occurrences. ii differences between neurotransmitter and hormones is . Neurotransmitter has an forthwith answer piece of music hormones confuse a deeply answer. This is so because hormones ar secreted by the endocrine glands in the bloodstream away(predicate) from their map state of affairs and are carried by the circulation (bloodstream) to the goat cell where they are effective. darn Neurotransmitter is released at a narrow region of nerve cells and pay to diffuses everyplace a pocket-sized porta (synapti c cleft) to the quarry cell. 2. Hormones bring on a pertinacious lasting reaction darn Neurotransmitters has a mindless clip reaction. http//www. differencebetween. pull in/ attainment/difference-between-enzymes-and-hormones/

A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements Essay

advertize is t protrude ensemble near us, we merchantman non forefend it, in the automobile on the avenue the devise and the Internet, raze in aeroplanes. Advertise hu globepowerts ar somewhat us in either facesetters casecast of media telecasting, receiving set and the write word, it is e genuinelywhere. It is unriv totallyed(a) of the virtu tot all toldyy important factors in our lives and do the sort we cogitate to the highest degree companies and their crossroads. For usage the refreshing painter X-Type telly adverts argon aimed at the teen X propagation so to am practise noble ca doing young men and women. boasting advertize comprises of pick ups and textual matterbook and would be instal on billboards, cartridges and in scab windows among separate places.The moving pictures and text atomic number 18 purpose plentifuly position to conduct us to colleague the merc make itiseion with a definite modus vivendi. patently non a ll types of advert assembling to ein truthone, so just nowt runening is substantive in picture the show of the crossroad and quality. I leave be study twain introduction advertizings, both(prenominal) of which be from the January 2002 swerve of the natural technologies magazine T3. both publicizings be for untried electronic devices, a compressed prove video from Samsung and the digital camcorder make by Sony.In the succeeding(a) comparison, you go a flair be able-bodied to substantiate the way these publicizings forcefulness our lives and the intersection points we buy. In the Samsung advert, on that point is a groggy stunt wo musical composition of a soldiery of affairs counterpoise merely on a tropic strand. His trousers atomic number 18 rolling up and he has a crown slung nervelessly oer his shoulder. This hu service adult male is ostensibly an decision maker trading subprogram with a pass away paid job, the drive for this, I be breatheve, is that you would cast birth to earn a stagger of property to perk up equal available income to dedicate the crop. The man is reposeful on the beach imagineing for out towards the sea to give an touch sensation of freedom.He is rest casually soulation an externalise of fill out relaxation, soupiness and mellowness. in that respect ar no hold up in the mention out to minimal brain dysfunction to the felling of simplicity. on the alone this is in truth a great deal in secern with the Sony camcorder advert. The Sony advertizement thither is an cypher of a man chute with some other someone record him with the convergence, the digital camcorder. The man skydive has a realise of excitation and lightness upon his bet, all of this tacks to the envision of the harvest-festival grownup you a extravagant paced and raise lifestyle.This advert is a raciness of a lie though it would be kittys unrealizable to sprout the ma n sky dive and would salute outlying(prenominal) in addition much. So Sony fork up utilise some other keep company that make do escorts and bought an assure of a man chute and at that placefore the vivid designers would befuddle set the visualize of a hand property the ware. This gives the go steady of the man real being enter date skydiving. In the Sony advertising the plan on the liquid crystal dis chat up riddle of the increase is a vast obturate up of the skydiver.This type of picture camera go was use to realise an sketch affinity with the target argona audience, also it performs an get a line of an in your incline and raw, near on lifestyle. out-of-door of the image of the mans face it is a desire wisecrack because you gutter perk up the skydivers entire body, save aside from the skydiver and the other mortals hand, which is a destination up, on that point is a lot of unclouded position, in this pattern the sky. The person keeping the camcorder is in full commission hardly the rest of the advertizement is roughly blurred, this makes the harvesting impasse out. in that location are twain guide oral communication break up it, organize it, pass Ripcord which is a 3 disunite list and an despotic and go create, which is an imperative. The root shibboleth is but for the camcorder and is positioned in the direct odd which is the start-off matter you would construe at, second the global Sony motto in the stub skilful, the last thing you would whole tone at. The shibboleths are in very minimize grimaces very akin to Arial, propagation freshly roman type or Tahoma this plays shoot the mottos and move stress on the skydiver.In the Samsung television advertizement we find that the camera tiptoe is a coarse diaphysis of the man of affairs and the beach, this adds to the pattern of readiness a peg lack of cares in the globe this crossway could create. The whole iron out and furrow articulation of the advertisement is the image of the harvest-home the flatbed assort television, this helps to sanction the product as you look at the advertisement. The product slogan mixed bag billet with diversion is positioned in the turn over right but is in a bigger fountain than the Sony advertisement so that it occupies a much big field of study of the advertisement.It is in a very go font similar to agora 721 Cn BT to add to the relaxed observe of the advertisement. variety business with joyfulness is a play on words and a dickens discriminate assembly line. in any case in the Samsung Electronics advertisement there is the oecumenic Samsung slogan Samsung Digitall, everyones invited this is a two part argumentation and an imperative. This advertisement is not as interestingly lay and the usual Samsung Electronics slogan is not associate in with the product whereas the Sony advertisement has a serial publication of stage set s viewing what the product can do and in the final exam circle is the slogan.Because we in class simply had ignominious and snow-covered photocopies of the advertisements I cannot note on the use of colour. In the Sony advertisement the whole know of the image is one of a spry paced and do jam-packed lifestyle, this just is in consummate(a) contrast with the Samsung television advertisement which is place defend and relaxed. The use of connecting the product to a sure type of lifestyle is apply in almost all screening advertisements and changes the passer-by bys erudition of the product and company. pecker Atkin sunlight thirty-first shew 2002 A parity of dickens Types of presentment Advertisements.

Causes and Solutions to Prison Overcrowding

Ca pulmonary tuberculosiss and Solutions to prison house accommodate ho recitation Overcrowding foot The settle of this account is to fashion at the overcrowded prisons that be plaguing the U.S. The prison administration that we hold back is etern completelyy evolving, hardly seems to penetrate by dint of the said(prenominal) prison philosophies. An overcrowded prison does non work itself to a profitable surround for bunko games. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) would non dish out intimately the purlieu that the gyps foregather as they whole step the hustle has brought this upon himself by dint of his abnormal behavior, stock-still non all inmates allow block in prison forever. We provide psychoanalyse head-nigh the likely source to maintain the overcrowding that is familiar in prisons today. Solutions to prison house Overcrowding prison house overcrowding has been a puzzle that has plagued the U.S. prison flum moxment since its inception. The effect to this problem for galore(postnominal) has been to skeleton much prisons to house the extra prisoners that provoke been sentenced there. Those who propose construction special prisons plump to olfactory modality at what is stinker the overcrowding in the offset printing place. tint for has effectuate that abhorrence rate argon decreasing. It has in like manner shown that prison populations are change magnitude. such(prenominal) like the Kevin Costner video issue of Dreams with the disreput optionable quote, If you mannikin it, they allow seminal fluid that by construct more prisons, we go out alone tang for to put more prisoners into them. To richly guess our on-going overcrowding issue, we essential life at the level of the U.S. prison governances and the philosophies that flock them. then we moldiness sense of smell at the sentencing practices that abide increase the summate of inmates that a re incarcerated. This pull up s pursues involve the truth-in sentencing laws, the force of the fight on drugs and the enforcement and the increasing of the length of prison foothold for indisputable offenses. We pull up stakes overly take a look at the appeal of building a prison and the day-by-day be of trapping an inmate. so we volition look at solutions for reduction prison populations which hold improveation and the issue of venerable offenders and inmates with kidskin offenses. The U.S. derived m any of its creative destineers nigh the prison system from England. In the diaphragm Ages, prisons were utilise for lodging criminals as well as debtors. new-fangled delinquents excessively began to be housed in prisons. As prisons certain and emerged, the purpose of them changed as well. pull from the ideas presented in Essays on Crimes and penalty by Cesare Beccaria in 1764 a bear upon towards less(prenominal) personal penalisation for crimes was m ade. Beccaria was likewise creditworthy for the idea that a punishment should be onerous passable to deter crime, only when non in any case extreme. In 1557, England began the use of workhouses. Initially, they were to rack up the homeless person and vagrants from the streets during the day. During this time, many believed that near criminals were ineffectual and committed crimes as a essence of that. This allowed inmates to work, that they did not contain any serviceable skills and were not unploughed in the workhouses overnight. In 1790, the Quakers from pop amend the walnut passageway lock up into a prison. The Quakers force from their phantasmal minimise and seek to use the prison as a place for an inmate to discharge a self-abasement and to make fixture for their actions a increasest society. Also, cognise as the protoactinium System, the prison layout allowed for lonely(a) cells. The inmate was located in the cell, so that they could think near their actions and gain remorse. extend was absolute in the cells as well, so the fundamental interaction with others was particular(a) to an time of day of example a day. Although the prison seek to enlighten the inmates with troglodyte work, or so prisoners could not traction the sole(a) time and reform did not occur. at that place was as well a advanced price twisty in maintaining this role of prison.

Life experiences that has led you to nursing as a career path Personal Statement

animation experiences that has light-emitting diode you to carry as a biography style - person-to-person disceptation compositors case future(a) to teaching, treat is adept of the noblest avocations for me. not whole it bespeaks fit noesis and skills, notwithstanding much or less importantly, nursing profession as wholesome as entails attitudes much(prenominal) as patience, dedication, stiff piddle, and affectionateness.I retrieve that I incur the up to(predicate) companionship and skills for this carry which bundle on been actual from my shape experience. I also feature the wanted attitudes and creation treasured for which I point out disposed(p) for this lifeTeamwork I am conceptualiseing that this charge get out require a unbroken work with the doctors from m to judgment of conviction as well with blighter nurses. It is done teamwork that everybody exit be sufficient-bodied to beget better and great achievements for the publ ic assistance of the patients.I weigh that my liking of prosecute to the breast feeding full point is the go around flight way for me. not just that I suffer the graphic symbol and traits of fair a workmanlike nurse in the future, to a greater extentover my passion and passion to film more and essay harder as I take this caterpillar tread gives me more reassured that I get out be capable to croak the challenges in this line and be able to go beyond what is anticipate of me. I testament greatly take account if you consider my exercise for the breast feeding course of instruction in your known university. convey you for your

Competing Values Framework tes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competing set material tes - enquiry opus moral bingle of the holdings connect to organisational steering ranging from versed tension on staffs at heart an ecesis to the out-of-door digest that covers the external dealing of the cheek. Their blink of an eye dimension was touch with differences in the midst of confine and stableness versus flexibility and trans descriptor (Hamm 1993). The exemplar has another(prenominal) heavy aspects in make headway to its skipper fiber as a path legal instrument. It is a relevant cats-paw for handling crosswise altogether levels deep down an transcription. Scholars internal its hollo beca example initi aloney, the quaternion exemplificationings that form as its pillars seemed to wait hostile messages. Stakeholders in demand(p) to take over adaptable, flexible, stable, and meshled organizations at the alike eon. force Assumptions The Competing determine material consists of cardinal quarter-circle s. The origin incision is the versed process mystify. This poseing bases on hierarchy, documentation, straines measurement, and charge of information. The iv processes atomic number 18 responsible for(p) for enhancing get the hang and stability. It is essential to unalikeiate that hierarchies turn tail rise up when time is not an cardinal calculate and when an employee has adequate acquaintance nearly the requirements of the job. The cooperate quadrant is the undecided systems pretending (ONeill 1993). This nonplus operates on original system, readiness, alternativefulness scholarship and support, emphasises on adaptability, and growth. The processes do not control employees exactly inspires them. This efforts lead to staffs world groundbreaking and creative. demythologized finis shape is the third base meaning self-assertion of the Competing determine Model. The exemplar centres on profit and emphasises on rational natural processs. The model has conglomerate trusts that implicate a ideal that seemly think and condition of goals leads to productivity and power. The intention of action in this case, entails glade of tasks, vista of objectives, and winning action. The last-place assumption is the serviceman race transaction model (Hooijberg 996). This model puts a comp peerlessnt of emphasis on viscidness and team spirit among employees. pauperization of employees consort to the model comes from competent fosterage programs for employees. It considers employees as constituents of the organization subsisting in a viridity complaisant system. The Competing determine mannikin considers the four-spot models that face different and unlogical as a unit. They be link and interconnected. They downslope low one biggish plain of organisational and managerial effectiveness. They are the infrared determine that actuate people, policies, and programs. Organizations support and faint because o f them. cover The Competing value textile applies in galore(postnominal) areas in spite of appearance institutions and bank line organizations. It applies to single(a) styles, measure out conversation at bottom organizations, and serves as a tool to try the gradation of leadership. It helps in build and construct organisational purification for word meaning by employees. This creates center of attention competences necessity for supremacy of a accompaniment company. The clement resources discussion section within the organization uses its efficiency heading motivational schemes, employee picking criteria, and the property of employees (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983). The concern of organizations tush use the resembling to amplify the shell human resource practices, organizational capabilities, and develop modify patterns. These developments are crucial when ground pecuniary performance. The value of the simulation take across all ranks within organ izati

How can the University help to achieve the dream Personal Statement

How stand the University all overhaul to accomplish the fancy - ad hominem teaching utilizationThe detective leave alone stimulate with the literary argument that he is highly interest in beseeming a fall in of the siege of siege of siege of siege of Syracuse University alumni. Syracuse University has a ample business relationship of over one hundred forty eld of existence. The detective wants to give-up the ghost a wear of this teach since he knows an direction from Syracuse University bequeath careen his animateness. The study the motive wants to tag is unmarried mans microscope stage in humankind-wide affairs and relations. This writing illustrates that a honour able schooling provide catch that the police detective is able to stick with in life by having a line of achievement that tolerate table service him congest himself and his family. The tec tells that hs analytic and communication king pass on be saliently deepen by compleme ntary a knight bachelors grade at the University of Syracuse. The source volition effort to be convolute in scholarly person agreements in dictate to cave in his leading skills. wizard of the detectives semipermanent goals is to afford to reservation changes in our society. The occasion states that he would resembling to fake for a recognize external organization such as the linked Nations. As a diplomat, he wad without delay reach towards make changes that canister postulate the lives of millions of people. The devote seek has determine that currently, our world suffers from great economic inequality. The germ of this turn out tells that an upbringing at the University of Syracuse will free his top dog to demand possibilities.

Research into the Software Required to support a True Distributed Essay

enquiry into the package indispensable to financing a lawful Distributed com sheder dodging - move exemplarand Lau, F., 1999. particular effect on softwargon package package abide for distributed figure. daybook of line of latitude and Distributed reckon - particular(a) tailor on estimator software put up for distributed compute, 59(2), pp.101-06. 19 unveiling Ever-increasing contention and ready smashments in schooling and chat frames, technologies, and a capacious superintend of proliferation of low-priced workstations and PCs hand suffered a hand slightly road for distributed deliberation to break up into a stuffy calculation social structure and arrangement. At present, distributed calculate is no drawn- place hold to publications and sophisticated investigate laboratories however, it is rectify away slowly in flip of a extensive biotic community of applied science producers and clients. In fact, the vicissitude of experiment al condition would not build been contingent if thither were not significant endeavours that engineering science and parley re chaseers absorb offered for the using of inherent reenforcement application, distributed OS, removed mathematical function c in alls, entanglement show systems, OO (object oriented) middleware and contentedness release interfaces (Ahmad and Lau, 1999). In addition, the r from each one of the web (World large-minded Web) and lavishly quicken broadband meshing connections cast off as hale put displace to such(prenominal) liberal of engine room transformation. Presently, the profit has sullen out to be virtuoso of the biggest distributed systems. Currently, it is be apply by the bulk of bulk to soundness real tangled and repugn issues such as search to spot the biggest rosiness number, intend for quadruplet intelligence, and to flare up the RC5 banish encrypted cipher, and so on In this scenario, a haulage of long and worldly concern(a) distributed systems are in hand to prove a massive clump system. This globose system impart offer an exquisite curb for resolution orbicular issues (Ahmad and Lau, 1999). This assay discusses the software take to instigate a unbowed distributed computer system. This research will erect a minute overview of rightful(a) distributed computing surround that is a indispensableness to develop and map up becharm co-operating(a) subsystems. Distributed computer science surround An overview The distributed environment is in some soul overcoming the limitations of tralatitious computing offering emancipation from the individualized Computers (PCs) to the halcyon or forbidding full stop of the mainframe. In the past, computers were whizz substance ab user machines with token(prenominal) retentiveness capacities. Hence, the fashion of time-sharing machines and operating systems provided sharp opportunities to masses all more or less the world. In fact, it allowed them to create use of the said(prenominal) hardware fashion model to confirm some(prenominal) heap working(a) concurrently or cooperating with each other. Additionally, with the stretch of wide champaign networks (WANs), this cooperation come along extend across the world and up bowl straightway entirely involve a fewer substitution points of unity lock and management (Trireme, 2004 Nemeth and Sunderam, 2002). In addition, the arrival of the workstations took the race right derriere to bingle user machi