Lakes Free Essays

Lakes are basically water bodies that are enclosed by land, majority of which consist of fresh water. They can be classified based on the nature of their formation process. Lakes can be formed by landslides, glacial blockages, depressions created by tectonic uplift of mountains and several other natural phenomena. We will write a custom essay sample on Lakes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The size and shape of lakes also vary to a great extent depending upon their type (Lake Access). Also, the diverse variety of aquatic life inhabiting these lakes is determined by their type and geographic location. A subglacial lake is one which is found under the surface of ice caps and glaciers. The water in such lakes remains in liquid state, as the layer of ice above retains the heat resulting from geothermal heating and friction. A subglacial lake is usually round-shaped and does not facilitate animal life due to the extremely low temperatures. Lake Vostok located in Antarctica is a classic example of a subglacial lake; its coordinates on the earth are 77 degrees South-105 degrees East. The amount of water found in such lakes is approximately around 5400 cubic kilometers. A reservoir is an artificial lake brought into being by human intervention. These man-made lakes are usually bigger compared to their natural counterparts. A reservoir is made by filling up an open pit mine or unused patches of land behind a dam with massive quantities of water. These lakes are commonly shaped like a bean or moon. They accommodate aquatic life such as Catfish, Guadalupe bass and many other varieties of fish. Lake Nasser, an artificial lake on River Nile is a well-known reservoir; it is geographical location extends between 22-25 degrees North and 31-45 degrees East. An endorheic lake is a closed lake which does not experience any substantial outflow of water. The surface of such lakes is flat and dry since they are mainly located in desert regions, where inflow of water is low; they are also characterized by steep holes and their depth varies a lot. Although the outflow of water in most lakes is through underground diffusion or rivers, endorheic lakes are quite an exception since the outflow is only by water evaporation in the endorheic basin. Hence, these lakes are also known as terminal lakes. Endorheic lakes mostly consist of reptilian life forms such as snakes and lizards. Lake Eyre is a commonly known endorheic lake located in central Australia between 28-22 degrees South and 137-22 degrees East. Lake Turkana and Lake Torrens are some other examples of an endorheic lake. A meromictic lake consists of several layers of water that do not mix with each other. The deepest layers in such lakes have a scarcity of oxygen and the sediments there remain intact. They are circular in shape; the basin of such lakes is quite steep, while the surface area of the lake is relatively less deep. Meromictic lakes are inhabited by cormorants, turtles, herons, geese, ducks and raccoons. Green Lake located between Washington D.C and Seattle is an excellent example of a meromictic lake; it is nearly 2.1 meters in depth. Lake Nyos and Lake McGinnis are some of the other popular meromictic lakes. An Oxbow is a lake which is formed when a stream channel bend is abandoned from a river. When a river meanders slowly in a low-lying plains and river valleys, a horseshoe-shaped bend is cutoff from the main channel as a result of continuous silt deposition, giving rise to oxbows. They distinctively look like curve-shaped cracks or loops. An Oxbow does not support much of animal life and its size is about 22miles long and three-fourths of a mile wide. Lake Reelfoot in Tennessee and Lake Chicot in Arkansas are examples of an Oxbow. Reference: Lake Access. (n.d.). Formation of Lakes. Retrieved 2 July, 2007 from, http://lakeaccess.org/ecology/lakeecologyprim1.html How to cite Lakes, Essay examples

1997 From His Assessable Income For Year †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The 1997 From His Assessable Income For The Year? Answer: Introducation The three items listed above are termed as Collectables under Section 118-10(1) of ITAA, 1997. If these are valued for less than $500, they are considered as exempt items for Capital Gain / Loss purposes. In case of a Gain / Loss for a collectable item valued above the threshold limit of $500, the Capital Loss can only be set-off against a Capital Gain of another collectable, (Barkoczy, 2013). However, in this case of Eric, there is a Capital Gain on Antique Vase and as the item is valued at $2,000, the Capital Gain of $1,000 will be taxable at the hands of Eric. However, the Losses from the Antique Chair and the Painting can be off-set by Eric from any future gains from collectibles. Name of Item Purchase Cost Selling Price Capital Gain Capital Loss Home Sound System $12,000 $11,000 $1,000 This will be termed as a Personal Use Asset under Section 118-10(3) of ITAA, 1997. Accounting to this statute, if the value of the Personal Use Asset is less than $10,000, all Capital Gains / Losses shall be exempt from Capital Gains Tax. However, in this case, the Home Sound System is valued at $12,000 and Eric incurs a Capital Loss on its sale, (Barkoczy, 2012). Hence, Eric cannot offset this loss as this will be treated his personal withdrawal under Section 108-20(1), which states that a loss from a personal use asset shall be disregarded. Name of Item Purchase Cost Selling Price Capital Gain Capital Loss Shares in a Listed Company $5,000 $20,000 $15,000 This is a CGT Asset as described in Section 108-5(1) of ITAA, 1997. Eric can claim a Capital Loss on a CGT Asset as a deductible expenses from his Assessable Income. Similarly, a Capital Gain will be added to the Assessable Income of Eric and he shall pay tax on it. As the shares were acquired within 12 months from their disposal date, Eric is not eligible for any discount on the Capital Gain and will be liable to pay tax on Capital Gain of $15,000, (Barkoczy, 2011). A loan fringe benefit tax on the part of the employer arises when the employer provide a loan to an employee at a subsidised rate of interest during a FBT year. A low rate of interest is applicable when it is less than the applicable statutory rate of interest, which is also known as benchmark interest rate. As on 1 April 2016, this benchmark interest rate was 5.65%, (Alexander Fogarty, 2009). For taxation purposes, the taxable value of a loan fringe benefit is calculated as the difference between: the interest which would have accrued during the FBT year in case the benchmark interest rate had been applied to the outstanding monthly balance of the loan, and the amount of interest that actually accrued at the subsidised rate of interest. Now, if the employee uses a part or whole of the loan to make investments in interest-bearing instruments, then the interest payable on the loan would be wholly deductible at the hands of the employee for income tax purposes. So, under such a deductible rule, the taxable value of such a loan fringe benefit will be nil, regardless of whether the employer charges a low, or even a nil, rate of interest on the loan. This happens because the employee becomes entitled to income tax deduction on the interest charged from him on that portion of the loan which he is using for earning an assessable income. Whereas, this is not applicable on that interest which is charged from the employee on that portion of the loan which he solely uses for his domestic purposes, (Alexander Fogarty, 2009). It is clear from the agreement entered between Jack and Jill that ONLY profit will be distributed as 10% to Jack and 90% to Jill, whereas the loss will be 100% liability of Jack. Hence, Jack will claim the amount of $10,000 as a deductible amount under section 8-1 of the ITAA, 1997 from his Assessable Income for the year. Under the provisions of Joint Tenants, the law is clear that both the partners shall be eligible to claim all Capital Gains / Losses in EQUAL proportions, (Cch, 2012). The principle established by the case of IRC v Duke of Westminster (1936) stated that tax evasion happens when taxpayers deliberately start misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the taxation authorities in order to reduce their tax payments, whereastax avoidance is considered as acceptable and legal. Unsurprisingly, this principle is still relevant in Australia and most other developed as well as developing economies, (Cch, 2012).The Australian authorities state that more than a sixth of tax loss is due to tax evasion and a further one sixth is caused by tax avoidance, whereas the balance is just uncollected taxes. Taxation authorities in Australia still do not like taxpayers trying tax avoidance although such actions are viewed as actions taken by taxpayer for taking advantage of a tax relief in a legal manner, (Barkoczy, 2013). Income can be classified either as Ordinary Income Ordinary Income includes incomes earned by personal exertion, carrying on a business or income from properties, as is defined under sections 6-5(1) to (4) of ITAA, 1997. Statutory Income All incomes not covered under ordinary income are termed as Statutory Incomes, as is defined under sections 6-10(1) to (5) of ITAA, 1997. Windfall Income Winnings from lotteries and inheritances are examples of Windfall Incomes and these are also covered under sections 6-10(1) to (5) of ITAA, 1997. Capital Gains All profits derived from sale of assets are termed as Capital Gains, as is defined under sections 104-10(4) of ITAA, 1997, (Barkoczy, 2013). In case Bill wants to avail the first option, it will be assumed for taxation purposes that he is carrying on a business and the income which he derives from the sale of the timber will be considered his Ordinary Income and added to his Assessable Income under section 6-1(1) of ITAA, 1997. However, in case Bill goes for the second option, then the timber would be considered as a Capital Asset as it is part of the land owned by Bill. Thus, the lump sum payment of $50,000 which Bill receives shall be considered as Capital Gain, (Barkoczy, 2012). Although this will also be added to his Assessable Income under section 6-1(1), Bill can avail the 50% Discount under the Discount Method on the Gross Capital Gain which he makes. References Alexander, Dr. R. and Fogarty, H. J. (2009) Australian Master Family Law Guide, Management, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2011) Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide (16th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2012) Australian Tax Case book (10th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Barkoczy, S. (2013) Foundations of Taxation Law (5th ed.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Cch, (2012) Australian Master Tax Guide. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited.

Tik Tok by Ke$ha free essay sample

This hit beat song is rocking my school! Its a tune that everyone can dance to. It does have some content that may not be appropriate for some about drinking but its got a bit of humor in it.

Natural Resources Essay Example

Natural Resources Essay Example Natural Resources Essay Natural Resources Essay Soil, wood, oil. minerals, petroleum, water are considered natural resources because they occur in their natural form and are not made by human beings. Humans can only modify natural resources. The energy that makes natural resources comes from geochemical, geophysical and solar energy. The exploitation of nature and natural resources can be dated back to the advent of humankind and the very start of civilization. Earlier people used to cut trees for fuel, for building materials for boats and for shelter. There are two kinds of natural esources- renewable and nonrenewable. Wood which is one of the main natural resources has the advantage of being renewable. Fish, animals and forests can renew themselves if they are not over- harvested. Forests can be replanted and, in time, the wood that was used can be replaced. However in recent times, we have been witnessing the cutting down of trees at alarming rates. In cities it is becoming, increasing difficult to see a green patch. If we do not replace these trees at the same speed as we are using them then very soon his resource will be expended. The cutting of trees also results in loss of ecosystems and soil erosion, and less rainfall. When fossil fuels were discovered they momentarily took the pressure off wood. First there was coal, then oil as in crude oil or petroleum and then later petrol and more recently natural gas. However unlike trees that are a renewable resource all these are non renewable. The reserves are finite and at some point in the future they will be depleted. We need to first conserve what we have left and to do that the call of the day is to use hese natural resources sparingly and responsibly. We must resort to the use of alternative forms of energy which will lessen the burden on our natural resources. There are various forms of alternative energy available. Light from the Sun also called as Solar Energy can be converted into electricity. This solar energy could be used to cook food. Wind power could also be used to generate electricity. Bio gas which is generated by the action of bacteria on packed kitchen waste without xygen could be used as an alternative to liquid petroleum gas. The need of the hour is to make alternative forms of energy easily available and viable to the consumer. nature, preservation of endangered species, keeping of biodiversity, and so on. Recently there have been increasing reports about research of ecosystem preservation using remote sensing or GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatial analysis. Sustainable forestry could be achieved by correctly managing forest resources hrough replanting, conversation, and protection from fire, disease and pollution. We must all Join hands in our efforts to preserve our natural resources. Preservation cannot happen without conservation; hence we must all do our part in conserving. Instead of using individual cars to work we could use car pools, we could make an effort not to use our domestic appliances during peak hours, we could use public transport wherever possible and we could switch to alternative power use. We, each of us, can make preservation happen.

Although continued industrial development is important and Essay

Although continued industrial development is important and inevitable,companies must take care of the environment in the process - Essay Example Environment protection is the method of preserving the natural environment regarding the interests of the stakeholders, including customers, employees, government and the other influencing bodies with utmost priority. It has often been argued in this regard that the pressure of over-population (allegedly encouraged by business sector growth within a given region) and continuous industrial development acts as the main determinants of environmental degradation (Tamazian and Rao 4-6). Subsequently, such external pressures in terms of the social responsibilities of the corporate bodies have recently been motivating them to go greener by lessening their rate of environmental degradation and at the same time, ensuring continuous growth to meet the customer demand to achieve economic development. Hence, a two way prolonged approach has to be followed in parallel by companies in the modern era. By following steps like switching from non-renewable sources of energy to renewable sources, targe ting cleaner and hygienic production procedures, reusing wastes and implementing strategies that focus on environment friendly product designing, an organization can easily maintain the sustainable growth (Koh, Ghazoul, Butler, Laurance, Sodhi, Mateo-Vega and Bradshaw 67-71). THESIS STATEMENT As can be observed from the above discussion, companies are certainly witnessing pressure to consider environmental sustainability with almost equal and even at times with more importance than their profitability concerns, in the advent of continuous industrial development. This thesis will correspondingly, aim at assessing the need for taking environmental care measures by companies and the associated challenges, by synthesizing on the argument that â€Å"Although continued industrial development is important and inevitable, companies must take care of the environment in the process†. NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CARE FOR COMPANIES IN CONTINUED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The series of debates emp hasizing industrial development implications on the natural environment in the forms of deforestation, climate change as well as air and water pollution has apparently contributed to the need for environmental care within the modern organizations (Esty & Winston 7-12). From a generalized point of view, it has been argued in the recent era that as a consequence of industrial development at a rapid and a continuous rate, need for resources among companies have also increased manifolds. In order to suffice this growing need for resources, especially energy resources and natural ingredients, companies have been sourcing large amounts of these assets from the environment. Such extractions have further resulted in various environmental challenges, majorly attributed in the form of climate change, unsustainable minimization of natural resources and imbalances in the biological cycle on earth (Esty & Winston 35-40). For instance, Geist and Lambin argues that the major proximate causes of en vironmental degradation through deforestation as a consequence of industrial development are unplanned agricultural expansion, irresponsible wood extraction and infrastructural expansion through building roadways and city areas in support of urbanization as observable in Africa, Asia and Latin America (5-15). Subsequently, these risk factors have been inhibiting the stability of the

Property law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Property law - Case Study Example The main disadvantages include sharing of profits among partners, has unlimited liabilities, long process of decision making due to disagreements ,and may have limited life and may end upon death or withdrawal of one of the partners(Miller,Ragazzo,& Hamilton,2011). Corporations If Betty opts for corporation as her form of business organization, the advantages she is likely to get are limited liability to debts and other obligations, it is easier to collect funds for capital and expenses, have continuous life, and easy transfer of corporate ownership. The main disadvantages include many legal and formalities procedures that may be costly and take long to complete, requires relatively large amount of capital to start, and long decision making process because it involves many people resulting in possibilities of disagreements (Dore?,2003). Franchise Setting a business as a franchise offers the benefit of operating it under the banner of an established entity hence enhanced security and support systems, working with a known branch hence less cost involved in brand creation, and establishing good business relationships especially with suppliers and creditors. The disadvantages of franchise include limited control of the business and how it is run because the owners of the brand set out the processes and rules regarding the operations of the franchise, tied to suppliers as one will be required to use the franchise supplier network, increased risk of damaging the reputation of the business if other franchise mess with the brand and reduced profits as one will be required to pay the owners of the franchise for using their brand(Miller,Ragazzo,& Hamilton,2011). Limited liability Company The advantages include limited liabilities to obligations and debts, flexible distribution of profit, and flexibility in management and decision making process. The disadvantages include limited life and hectic processes of legal and formality procedures (Dore?, 2003). Joint venture The advantage of Betty forming a joint venture include sharing of cost, access to relevant expertise, gain from innovative managerial skills and practices, spreading of risks and a large pool of capital. The disadvantages include extensive efforts and time to create the right relationship for partnership, imbalance in the levels of investment, expertise and assets invested by partners, and differences in business objectives that may hinder cooperation and integration (Miller,Ragazzo,& Hamilton,2011). In my opinion, sole- proprietorship is the best option that Betty should consider when establishing her business. Since she has a potential customer base of Christians in her area and a source of capital from her husband, she should set up a sole proprietorship business because it is easy to start, she will be the sole manager of her business and so she can apply her Christian values when running the business without interference from anyone, and since she is a mature Christian, she can eas ily attract her fellow Christians to be her loyal customers and enjoy all the profits alone (Jessup &Chipps, 1991). In case Betty opts for

The Business Plan - Moon Internet Caf Case Study

The Business Plan - Moon Internet Caf - Case Study Example Moon Internet Cafe will provide an area that appeals to people from many different age groups and backgrounds. It provides a good environment for people to familiarize themselves with computers, to interact socially as well as for business needs. People are becoming more mobile, and as they move their technology moves with them. There are many different types of electronic devices that are popular, such as laptops, iPads and cellular phones. Business is also becoming more mobile, with many people interviewing potential staff members, or meeting with clients in public areas such as coffee shops. For many of these meetings, laptops are heavily used, and consequently facilities that facilitate this type of meeting are in high demand. There are a large number of coffee shops and cafes throughout the market, both individual stores and large franchises such as Starbucks. Suppliers for this venture take two forms, as the business looks to combine two different areas.